Monaco — the Rock and Monte Carlo
Monaco, Monte-Carlo, La Condamine. Which empire held this ground in which years — and, the part that matters, which archive that means.
Whose archive this ground was
| Years | Who held it | Whose archive that means |
|---|---|---|
| 1297–1524 | Grimaldi lordship of Monaco | no registers survive Before registers. Francesco Grimaldi seized the Rock of Monaco in 1297. |
| 1524–1641 | Under Spanish protection | no registers survive The Treaty of Burgos in 1524 placed Monaco under Spanish authority for about a century, with a Spanish garrison; Honoré II secured Spanish recognition of independent sovereignty in 1633. |
| 1641–1793 | Principality of Monaco | no registers survive The Treaty of Péronne in 1641 brought French recognition of Monaco's sovereignty. |
| 1793–1814 | French rule | no registers survive France ruled Monaco from 1793 until 17 May 1814. |
| 1814–1861 | Sardinian protectorate | no registers survive The Congress of Vienna in 1815 made Monaco a protectorate of the Kingdom of Sardinia, confirmed by the Treaty of Stupinigi in 1817. Menton and Roquebrune seceded in 1848. |
| 1861–1918 | Principality of Monaco | no registers survive The Franco-Monegasque Treaty of 1861 recognised Monaco's sovereignty and passed Menton and Roquebrune to France for four million francs. The Monte Carlo Casino opened in 1863 and a constitution was proclaimed in 1911 after the revolution of 1910. |
| 1918–2026 | Principality of Monaco | no registers survive A treaty of 1918 gave limited French protection, and a revised constitution followed in 1962. |
The rings are approximate — deliberately. They exist to shade which filing system a place fell under, not to adjudicate a border. A place near a ring's edge should be checked against both neighbours.
See the whole span, 1297–2026, on the map →
The map takes a range, and a range that crosses one of the rows above is where records get lost: the family never moved, and the archive on the far side of the handover will tell you it holds nothing.